このたび以下の論文・調査報告・書評が公開されましたのでお知らせいたします。

We would like to inform you that the following papers, research reports, and book reviews have been published online.

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/niloethiopian/list/-char/en

Article (Secondary Publication)

YUKIO MIYAWAKI（宮脇幸生）
Generating New Commons and Resource Management Systems: A Case Study of 
the Tsamako in Southwestern Ethiopia

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/niloethiopian/2024/29/2024_29.a01/_article/-char/en

YUKA KODAMA（児玉由佳）
The Migration of Ethiopian Women to Gulf Countries for Employment 
Opportunities

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/niloethiopian/2024/29/2024_29.a02/_article/-char/en

Research Report

HITOSHI ENDO（遠藤仁）, CHIKAGE OBA（大場千景）
Anthropological and Archaeological Survey of the Ḥarla Related Medieval 
Sites in West Hararghe Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/niloethiopian/2024/29/2024_29.rr01/_article/-char/en

Book Review

ISAO MURAHASHI（村橋勲）
Reconsidering Resilience in African Pastoralism: Towards a Relational 
and Contextual Approach. (Shinya Konaka, Greta Semplici & Peter D. 
Little (eds.))

HIROKI ISHIKAWA（石川博樹）
Gathering around Injera with God’s Grace: Ethnography of the Food 
Culture of the Ethiopian Orthodox Christians. (Megumi arite injera ni 
tsudou: Echiopia seikyoto no shoku wo meguru seikatsushi). (Chiharu 
Kamimura)

学会誌Nilo-Ethiopian Studeis 28巻（2023）が刊行されました。今後、随時掲載していきます。
The journal Nilo-Ethiopian Studeis Volume 28 (2023) starts publishing. Other papers will be added to the journal as they become available.

Article

HANA SHIMOYAMA
Acceptance of Triticale into the Food Culture by the Gamo Highlanders in Southern Ethiopia, NES 28

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/niloethiopian/2023/28/2023_28.a01/_article/-char/ja

NES 27号の以下の論文が刊行されました。26号からはウェブ公開のみとなっております。
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/niloethiopian/2022/0/_contents/-char/ja

Article
YOSHIKO TONEGAWA
Inclusive Education Focusing on Children with Hearing Impairment in
Ethiopia: Local Response to the International Agenda

Book Review
KAZUHIRO KAWACHI
A Descriptive Study of the Modern Wolaytta Language. (Motomichi Wakasa)

TAKUYA HAGIWARA
Out of Thin Air: Running Wisdom and Magic from Above the Clouds in
Ethiopia. (Michael Crawley)

YUKIO MIYAWAKI
Reconstruction of the Ethiopian Empire and the Wayyane Rebellion:
Peasants’ Defiance against Imperial Rule. (Echiopia Teikoku Saihen to
Hanran (Wayane): Noumin ni yoru Teikoku Shihai eno Chousen). (Momoka
Maki)

NES 26号の以下の論文が刊行されました。26号からはウェブ公開のみとなっており、掲載が決定次第順次公開されます。

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/niloethiopian/list/-char/en

Articles

EUNJI CHOI
Rethinking In/formality in Public Transport Management: Dynamics between State Intervention and the Current Practices of Tera Askebari in Addis Ababa
Nilo-Ethiopian Studies, 2021, Volume 2021, Issue 26, 26.a01, Released April 10, 2021, Online ISSN 1881-1175, Print ISSN 1340-329X
https://doi.org/10.11198/niloethiopian.26.a01

Tera askebari are people who maintain order among minibus taxis and passengers at the minibus terminals in Addis Ababa. From 2011, tera askebari, who had been working informally for decades, started registering for a micro and small enterprises (MSEs) development program. However, affiliation with a government institution did not coerce tera askebari to comply with formality; rather, it enabled them to exhibit both formality and informality. This article aims to examine the dynamics of in/formality by observing the public transport management activities of tera askebari at terminal X. The findings of the study demonstrate that tera askeabri actively participate in the process of creating complex forms of informality. In a situation that MSEs program permitted tera askeabri to run their business autonomously, the legalized tera askebari (de jure) strategically utilized formality as well as informality through their operations. Meanwhile, the management activities of employed tera askebari (de facto) showed an informal aspect that was influenced by weak state control. The result illustrates that “informality” is not a static concept defined by particular characteristic, but a formulating process through which participants constantly negotiate and reproduce through their interactions with the formal configuration.

SAYURI YOSHIDA
The Transition of the Belief in Eqo from a Traditional ‘Religion’ to a ‘Culture’: Historical Changes and the Roles of the Alamos in Kafa Zone, Southwest Ethiopia
Nilo-Ethiopian Studies, 2021, Volume 2021, Issue 26, 26.a02, Released October 23, 2021, Online ISSN 1881-1175, Print ISSN 1340-329X
https://doi.org/10.11198/niloethiopian.26.a02

In Southwest-Ethiopian Kafa society, the widely practised belief in eqo, a form of worship of the god Yeero, was conducted through the alamo (diviner), a medium who was believed to communicate with the spirits. This tradition was inseparable from the politics, economy, and society of the Kafa Kingdom, which prospered from the mid-14th century to 1897. Following its conquest by and incorporation into the Ethiopian Empire, the Kafa society was introduced to Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, and many converted to the faith. Nonetheless, the deeply rooted belief in eqo continued to exert a great influence on the Kafa people, who would visit the alamo while also visiting the church. However, under the Derg regime, all religious activities were regulated, and it was difficult to openly practise the eqo traditions and Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity. In 1991, with the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front assuming power, people began visiting the alamo again, though the belief in eqo had weakened. This paper discusses the historical changes in the nature of the eqo tradition in the Kafa Zone in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Regional State in Ethiopia, and examines why the Kafa people are now moving away from the tradition.

SHINYA KONAKA
Market Economy and Pastoral Mode of Consumption: The Case of the Samburu Household Economy in North Central Kenya in the Mid-1990s
Nilo-Ethiopian Studies, 2021, Volume 2021, Issue 26, 26.a03, Released November 20, 2021, Online ISSN 1881-1175, Print ISSN 1340-329X
https://doi.org/10.11198/niloethiopian.26.a03

This study examines the housekeeping strategies in Samburu households in North Central Kenya during the mid-1990s to clarify their pastoral mode of consumption. This mode, prominent in Samburu society at the time, is a combination of subsistence and market economies. The study analysed housekeeping strategy data from 1995 to 1996 for a rich and a poor household (Household A and Household B, respectively). This study found that both households spent most of their income on purchasing livestock and adopted the strategy of using cash to prevent the loss of livestock. In Household A, in keeping with Samburu culture’s interest in food, the market was constantly used for food consumption. However, in Household B, market food consumption was sporadic and susceptible to rainfall fluctuations. Whereas Household A adopted a housekeeping expansion strategy, Household B’s strategy included bank deposits and commerce activities. In summary, the Samburu housekeeping strategy prioritised frugality, and the strategy of investment in livestock while curbing cash spending was socially appreciated.Thus, the Samburu household economy during the mid-1990s emphasised livestock based on the eternally delayed-return system. This pastoral mode of consumption is said to have ceased complete dependence on the market economy at the time.

Book Reviews

ERI HASHIMOTO
The Gospel Sounds like the Witch’s Spell: Ethnographic Aetiology Concerning Misfortune among Jopadhola, Eastern Uganda. (Kiyoshi Umeya)

Nilo-Ethiopian Studies, 2021, Volume 2021, Issue 26, 26.br01, Released April 10, 2021, Online ISSN 1881-1175, Print ISSN 1340-329X, https://doi.org/10.11198/niloethiopian.26.br01

SUSUMU AIHARA
Singer Poets in the Ethiopian Highlands. (Ethiopia Kougen no Ginnyu Shijin: Uta ni Ikiru Mono Tachi). (Itsushi Kawase),

Nilo-Ethiopian Studies, 2021, Volume 2021, Issue 26, 26.br02, Released November 17, 2021, Online ISSN 1881-1175, Print ISSN 1340-329X, https://doi.org/10.11198/niloethiopian.26.br02

NOBUKO YAMAZAKI
Independence, Civil War, and Refugees of South Sudan: Between Hope and Despair. (Minami Sudan no Dokuritsu, Naisen, Nanmin: Kibo to Zetsubo no Aida). (Isao Murahashi)

Nilo-Ethiopian Studies, 2021, Volume 2021, Issue 26, 26.br03, Released November 17, 2021, Online ISSN 1881-1175, Print ISSN 1340-329X, https://doi.org/10.11198/niloethiopian.26.br03

TORU SAGAWA
Creating Their Own Future by Face-to-Face Negotiation: Lifeworld of East African Pastoralists. (Koushou ni Sei o Kakeru: Higashi Afurica Bokuchikumin no Seikatsu Sekai). (Itaru Ohta)

Nilo-Ethiopian Studies, 2021, Volume 2021, Issue 26, 26.br04, Released November 17, 2021, Online ISSN 1881-1175, Print ISSN 1340-329X, https://doi.org/10.11198/niloethiopian.26.br04

NES 25号の以下の論文が刊行されました。
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/niloethiopian/2020/0/_contents/-char/ja

Nilo-Ethiopian Studies vol. 24 (2019)

TORU SAGAWA

• Waiting on a Friend: Hospitality and Gifts to the “Enemy” in the Daasanach

The Gift by Marcel Mauss showed that gift giving has multiple factors that seem to contradict each other. Freedom and obligation are constantly described as being two sides of the same coin in the book. This study focuses on the ambiguity and polysemy of hospitality and gifts that Mauss suggested. The Daasanach, who live in the border area of Ethiopia and Kenya, fight with their neighboring groups. Nevertheless, many Daasanach have friends who belong to these groups. When a violent conflict ends, members of the two groups voluntarily visit each other’s lands, interact peacefully, and form friendships. The friendships among them are neither formed as a result of acts of social obligation nor are relationships formed as a means for an individual to seek one’s own profit. They are relationships that are formed when two parties with different daily lives happen to encounter one another, with one party providing hospitality and/or gifts to another who cannot do anything but “wait.” In this paper, I will analyze the emerging process of friendship and emphasize the coincidental aspect of hospitality and gift giving.

Keywords: The Gift (by Marcel Mauss), reciprocity, inter-ethnic relation, pastoralist, East Africa

NOBUHIRO SHIMIZU , EPHREM TELELE , ALULA TESFAY and RIICHI MIYAKE

• Fundamentals of Hïdmo in Ïnderta: A Traditional House Type in Tigray Region, Ethiopia

Hïdmo, a traditional house type seen in Tigray Region, Ethiopia, and the adjacent area of the Eritrean highlands, mainly consists of masonry walls, wooden ceilings, and a soil roof. This paper specifically focuses on the hïdmo found in the former Ïnderta province, Southeastern Zone of the present Tigray Region. The objective of this paper is to clarify the typical parcel layout, spatial components of typical hïdmo house and building elements of hïdmo house, based on the basic knowledge of the local building materials. On that basis, the hierarchy of the traditional house is discussed. Making glossary of each building and space in the parcel, each space in the hïdmo house, and each building element of the hïdmo house is helpful to understand the themes clearly.

Hïdmo applies to the main house built in the parcel, and is where the vast majority of daily indoor activities are carried out. The central space with entrance door of the house is named mïdri-bét. In addition, a two-storied part for cereal storage and housing small domestic animals, and one-storied part for sleeping and storing equipment are often attached. The indoor environment of the hïdmo house is stabilized because of the thick walls, ceiling and roof, and the limited number of openings.

Stones and woods are the principal building materials of hïdmo. While stone materials that are easy to deal with could be collected from the neighborhood or nearby, wooden materials were scarce in Ïnderta province. Therefore, the use of more wooden materials contributed to increasing the prestige of the house.

Keywords: Traditional house, Building material, Masonry, Hi:dmo, Tigray, Ethiopia

YOSHIKO TONEGAWA

• Policy and Practice of “lnclusive Education” in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: An Analysis from the Perspectives of Teachers and Parents of Children with Disabilities

Especially since the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), agreed to internationally in 2015, have comprised inclusive education, many developing countries formed inclusive education policies. Ethiopia started implementing inclusive education relatively earlier than other developing countries and formed the “Special Needs Education Program Strategy” in 2006, revised in 2012 as the “Special Needs/Inclusive Education Strategy.” In order to practice inclusive education, stakeholders in education need to understand its philosophy (Lipsky & Gartner 1999). Therefore, this study aims to examine the current state of inclusive education in Ethiopia from the perspectives of parents/guardians of children with disabilities and teachers of inclusive classes at primary schools. This research is based on case study methods and explored three public primary schools in Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. The main data collection methods of this study were semi-structured interviews and classroom observations. This study revealed that teachers and parents/guardians of children with disabilities have contradicting views on inclusive education for children with disabilities. Although teachers and parents understand the advantages of inclusive education, they perceive that learning in regular school is not necessarily the best path for children with disabilities. This study also underlines that children with disabilities do not often have a choice in terms of school selection of either regular school or special school under the one-track policy in Addis Ababa.

Keywords: inclusive education, children with disabilities, teachers’ perceptions, parents of children with disabilities, Addis Ababa

SHIZUKA ASADA

• The Influence of Food Traditions and Cooking Methods on Energy Transition: High Demand for Charcoal in Kampala, Uganda

This study aims to investigate the influence of food culture on the choice of cooking fuel by verifying the locality of food and cooking methods using a case study from Kampala, Uganda. It has been suggested in previous studies that when socio-economic status improves, households generally upgrade their cooking fuel, shifting from woodfuel to LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) or electricity. Although Uganda’s economy has grown for decades, charcoal has been the main cooking fuel in 80% of the households in Kampala. The food culture and cooking habits in Central Uganda are unique. Bananas have high cultural value in the area as staple food and are consumed in large quantities. Observations of the cooking process show that bananas are often steamed for 2-4 hours over a very low heat, which cannot be achieved using advanced fuels such as LPG. Even in high-income households, charcoal is still the main source of fuel despite advanced alternatives being available and affordable. Therefore, residents of Kampala positively choose charcoal over other sources of fuel for reasons inherent to local cooking traditions. Not only socio-economic status but also local food traditions also have an important impact on the choice of cooking fuel.

Keywords: cooking fuel, food culture, woodfuel, banana, Uganda

• Book Review

Reviewer, Yumi Yamane

Human-Wildlife Conflict in Kenya: Crop Raiding and People’s Coping Strategies in Mahiga-B Village, Nyeri County. Charles Musyoki, Kyoto: Shokado Shoten, 2018, pp. 239. (in English)

Reviewer, Takeshi Fujimoto

Cultivating with Oxen: Futurability of the Indigenous Ploughing Agriculture in Ethiopia ( Ushi-to-tomoni Tagayasu: Echiopia-ni-okeru Zairaisukinoko-no Miraikanosei). Toshikazu Tanaka, Kyoto: Shokado Shoten, 2018, pp. 154. (in Japanese)

AZEB GIRMAI

• (News and Notes) The 20th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies

Nilo-Ethiopian Studies vol. 23 (2018)

YUKIO MIYAWAKI

• Development of Community-Based Organization by Agro-Pastoral Women: A Case in Southwestern Ethiopia

The Arbore Women’s Association is an organization for mutual aid initiated by women of the Hor in southwestern Ethiopia. The organization has developed and continued its activitior 20 years. The Women’s Association brought the members financial profits through retails of commodities and cash crops in local markets. By participating in such activities, members learned how to earn profits in business. Financial profits that they earned themselves and opportunities for learning enabled them to gain self-confidence, and empowered them.
The conditions under which the Women’s Association was organized and continued were as follows: 1) Women felt discontented with their patriarchal tradition, which inhibited them from accessing the wealth brought by the highlanders and the money economy penetrated to the Hor. 2) Slackness of the state rule seems to have induced them to begin a new project. 3) They could combine the two networks, which had different features. The one is a bonding network based on women’s age system, and the other is a bridging network that a male mediator had. 4) Though the aims of the organizers and followers differed, the organizers incorporated the aim of the followers into their frame. Consequently, the Association has been keeping in touch with what the members desired. 5) The Association took a low profile strategy, and did not affiliate with external organizations such as NGOs and the government. Not owing any accountability and responsibility to external organizations, the Association could change its aims, plans and activi¬ties flexibly as the local situations changed.

Keywords: Ethiopia, NGO, Community-Based Organization, Women, Empowerment

MARIKO NOGUCHI

• Social Relationship of the Elderly That Support Their Daily Lives: The Case in Aari, Southwestern Ethiopia

This paper aims to explore the daily lives of the elderly living in the Aari community in south¬ western Ethiopia by describing the social relationships that support their lives. Although the role of the elderly in household livelihood strategies has been mentioned, few studies have focused on their daily lives. The purpose of this study is to examine the daily interactions and mutual relationships between the elderly and other people who live in the same community, with a special focus on the livelihood activities and living arrangements of the elderly. The results reveal that the elders’ living arrangements, such as choices regarding where and with whom to live, are deeply related to social norms. However, there are also cases in which elders lived with or received support from those who were not the expected caretakers. Relationships between persons who required help and respondents were not always fixed in supporting a person’s liveli¬hood activities or daily needs. People helped each other and met their daily needs in consider¬ation of individual circumstances such as physical conditions, existence of relatives, and residence arrangement. The acts of shedin (seeing face to face) contributed greatly to the understanding of each other’s situations, and the elders were able to maintain their livelihood supported by responsive relationships.

Keywords: daily lives of the elderly, social relationships, livelihood, care, rural southwestern Ethiopia

BARBARA INAGAKI

• Women and Agriculture in Northern Mozambique: A Village-Level Analysis

Women play a fundamental role in Mozambique’s agricultural production. Nevertheless, they have rarely been the main focus of study in the research on agricultural production in the coun¬try. This article explores the matter by examining the case of Makua women in a village located in the interior of Nampula Province in northern Mozambique. Through a local-level analysis, this article presents a picture of women’s agricultural work in present-day Mozambique.
Key words: women, agriculture, Makua, Mozambique

• Book Reviews

Reviewer, Ko Motoki
Farmer Research Groups: Institutionalizing Participatory Agricultural Research in Ethiopia. Dawit Alemu, Yoshiaki Nishikawa, Kiyoshi Shiratori and Taku Seo (eds.), UK: Practical Action Publishing Ltd., 2016, pp. 220.
Reviewer, Ken Masuda
Livestock Mobility, Rangeland Use and Sedentarization among the Hamer in Southwest Ethiopia. Samuel Tefera, Kyoto: Shoukadoh Book Sellers, 2017, pp. 99.

Nilo-Ethiopian Studies No.22 (2017)

ERl HASHIMOTO

• Profecy and Experience: The Dynamics ofNuer Religious Thought in Post-Independence South Sudan

This article examines how the Nuer people in post-independence South Sudan reinterpret their experiences through past prophecies or kuɔth (divinity), which supports the power of prophecies. The Nuer prophecies, which have been handed down through the generations, are deeply related to the ways that Nuer people cope with new situations such as civil war, development assistance, and national independence. Although most Nuer, including elders, do not know all prophecies, they are told among people based on their personal interests. By referring to two anthropologists, Evans-Pritchard and Lienhardt, this paper explores how the Nuer find their own experiences in the prophecies, focusing on three types of case studies: narratives of prophecy fulfillment; practices where a “church” worships a prophet; and a new prophet that emerged during the 2011 conflicts. These cases show that prophecies which come true and prophets are always judged by people finding an “active subject” (such as kuɔth, Deng, or their ancestors) around themselves or in specific events. Moreover, people who discuss the prophecies by scrutinizing their experiences in relation to active subjects and configurations of experiences start to realize a new realm of being, which can provide them with a way of shaping their own reality.

Keywords: prophecy, experience, kuɔth, Nuer, South Sudan

GEN TAGAWA

• The Logic ofa Generation-Set System and Age-Set System: Reconsidering the Structural Problem ofthe Gadaa System ofthe Borana-Oromo

This article reconsiders the “structural problem” or “demographic contradiction” of the gadaa system of the Borana based on prior research. The Borana are Oromo-speaking pastoralists in southern Ethiopia and northern Kenya. They have two age systems: one is a generation-set system with grades called gadaa, and the other an age-set system called hariya. The gadaa is well known as one of the most complicated age systems in Ethiopian studies and social anthropology. The generation-set continues to recruit members after initiation so that the age gap between members expands over time. Previous studies claim that the age gap makes the age system mal- function, because of the inefficiency to mobilize members. Therefore, previous studies regard the age gap as a structural problem of the gadaa system. In this article, I focus on narratives of the age gap that the Borana express, which prior research has ignored. I conclude that the age gap is indispensable for the gadaa system and is not a structural problem.

Key words: gadaa system, generation-set, age-set, age gap, Borana-Oromo

TOSHIO MEGURO

• Gaps between the lnnovativeness of the Maasai Olympics and the Positionings of Maasai Warriors

Today, the governance and representation of local communities is one of the point at issue in the realm of wildlife conservation, but the relationships between local agencies and external initiatives have so far not been well studied. This article examines the details and outcomes of ‘the Maasai Olympics’, a recently initiated community-based conservation (CBC) programme in southern Kenya. It is an athletic competition for Maasai warriors, intended to provide an alternative to their lion hunting tradition. The Maasai Olympics are said to be ‘an innovative conservation strategy’. On the one hand, this event is similar to other CBC projects that provide local people with economic benefits and environmental education, while emphasizing respect for local traditions, but on the other hand, it is different and ‘innovative’ in that it mentions an unpleasant local custom and tries to change it. Maasai warriors pretend that they are traditional animal lovers and that they approve of the idea of the Maasai Olympics. This reactive behaviour of the Maasai warriors is their ‘positionings’, and corresponds to the ‘African potential’. However, as their positionings are based on the ‘function of interface’ but without de-romanticization, it results in the reinforcement of outsiders’ stereotypical views and values, leaving the local people’s biggest problem unpublicized and unsolved.

Key words: Maasai, Maasai Olympics, conservation, positionings, African potential, Kenya

OSAMU HIEDA

• Dental-alveolar Consonants and [ATR] Vowel Distinction in Western Nilotic

Some predecessors reconstructed the Proto Western Nilotic (PWN) or Proto Nilotic (PN) consonant system with stops based on the phonemic contrasts at five points of articulation. They assumed that the contrastive opposition between dental and alveolar stops had existed in PWN, without submitting evidence to support their reconstruction. In fact, the distinction between dental and alveolar plosives did not exist in PWN. The reconstructed dental-alveolar phonemes {such as a voiceless and voiced plosive, and a nasal) had been pronounced phonetically as a dental before a [-ATR] vowel and as an alveolar before a [+ATR] vowel in PWN. The reconstructed dental-alveolar phonemes split into independent dental and alveolar phonemes in the course of the development of modern languages. PN did not have the contrastive opposition between dental and alveolar consonants, either.

Key words: historical linguistics, phonemic split, dental-alveolar consonants, [ATR], Western Nilotic

NAOAKI IZUMI

• Agro-Pastoral Large-Scale Farmers in East Africa: A Case Study ofMigration and Economic Changes ofthe Sukuma in Tanzania

The Sukuma live mainly in northwestern Tanzania and engage in both farming and livestock rearing. In the 1970s, some ofthem began to migrate southwards in search ofgrazing land. This paper examines characteristics of the economic activity of the Sukuma, who have settled on the shore ofLake Rukwa, in southwestern Tanzania. Their economic activity has features in common with other East Mrican peasant economies, in that it aims to achieve stable self-sustenance, relying primarily on family labor, and in that people started to commercialize their farming and also venture into non-agricultural activities. However, the Sukuma’s activity was also unique in several respects. First, they migrated into a vast, swampy land, which had not before been uti- lized, and they engage in large-scale farming there. Their livestock enabled them to both migrate and farm, as they needed. Second, the basic unit of their large-scale production efforts was the household, a feature that has been formed by characteristics of the pastoral society. The larger these households were, the more labor they were able to employ, and therefore the higher their production. Consequently, it was possible for a household to invest a relatively large amount into non-agricultural activities. They also faced difficulties maintaining traditional cattle rearing practices, which translated into economic problems.

Keywords: livestock, large-scale household, rice farming, non-agricultural business, Lake Rukwa

• Book Reviews

Reviewer, Toru Sagawa

The Aged in Africa: Ethnography on the Institutions and Powers of Aging (Africa no Rojin: Oi no Seido to Chikara o meguru Minzokushi). Gen Tagawa, Katsuhiko Keida and Keiya Hanabuchi (eds.), Fukuoka: Kyusyu Daigaku Shuppankai, 2016, pp. 246 (in Japanese).

Reviewer, Gaku Moriguchi
Citizenship for Migrants and Refugees: A Comparative Study of lnstitutions and Practics of Inclusion and Exclusion from Nation-States (Imin/Nanmin no Shitizunshippu). Aiko Nishikida (ed.), Tokyo: Research Institute for Language and Cultures of Asia and Mrica (Tokyo Gaikokugo Daigaku Ajia Afurika Gengo Bunka Kenkyojo), 2016, pp. 258 +vi (in Japanese).

Reviewer, Isao Murahashi
African Practices for Avoiding Conflict: Relationships between Eco-Resources and Peoples (1/.jurika Senzairyoku Siriizu: Arasowanai tameno Seigyojissen: Seitaishigen to Hitohito tono Kakawari). Masayoshi Shigeta & Juichi ltani (eds.), Kyoto: Kyoto University Press, 2016, pp. 360 (in Japanese).

Nilo-Ethiopian Studies No.21 (2016)

HARUKAARII

• How Women Choose Their Schooling in Their Life Course: The Case of Maale, Southwestern Ethiopia

Discussions of female education in Sub-Saharan countries often focus on ways to improve conditions and to achieve gender parity. However, a few studies have also examined the conditions under which individual women choose to go to school. The discussion of dropping out among female students has been focused on prevention and allowing more females to attend school, whereas there has been little discussion about education after dropping out or about those who did not enter school at customary age. This study used the community of Maale in southwestern Ethiopia as an example to investigate the process of female schooling with regard to how individual women decided to enter or return to school. To this end, I interviewed three women who entered or returned to school despite older than the usual school age. I identified two factors that enabled these women to enter or return to school: (1) the presence of a formal educational system and a community consensus in support of allowing females to make their own decisions about their education, (2) the relationships between the student and the people to whom she was close. Sustainable female education requires respect for the diversity of the decision-making processes by which individuals make choices. Keywords: school, life course, educational development, women, southwestern Ethiopia

MIHO SATO, BELKIS WOLDE GIORGIS, GABRIELLE O’MALLEY

• Barriers to and Factors Facilitating Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy from the Perspectives of Patients in Mäqälaä City, Tigray Region, Ethiopia

The decentralization and free provision of life-saving antiretroviral therapy (ART) to health centers in Ethiopia began in 2006. In the Tigray Region, the number of people who began ART increased almost tenfold between 2006 and 2010, yet treatment retention among these patients has been challenging. This qualitative analysis explores the experiences of patients who either continued or interrupted adherence to ART. Conducted at three health facilities in Mäqälä City from August to October 2009, the aim of this study was to document the facilitating factors and barriers to ART adherence from patients’ perspectives. For both continued and interrupted adherence, the most common facilitating factors are a belief in the efficacy of the medication, trust in the health-care providers, low level of side effects, positive treatment results, and having an HIV-positive friend. Each restarter had distinctive reasons for interrupting the ART. Major contributing factors to ART interruption were the side effects and fear of stigma or discrimination. In urban neighborhoods with a high volume of rural migration, where people lived far from their extended families, ART patients were more dependent on health workers for adherence support.

Keywords: HIV, antiretroviral therapy, adherence, lost to follow up, Tigray, Ethiopia

SAYURI YOSHIDA

• [Research Report] The Life and Collection of Friedrich Julius Bieber: An Archival Study of Kafa at the Beginning of the 20th Century

This report introduces the life and collection of Friedrich Julius Bieber. He visited Ethiopia several times, especially Kafa, at the beginning of the twentieth century and is recognized as the foremost authority on ethnological research focused on Kafa. Bieber left a great deal of property and written documents concerning both Ethiopia and his daily life. This collection included ethnological objects from Ethiopia, instruments used during his journeys to Ethiopia, photographs, books, and unpublished written documents, such as diaries, drafts, memoranda, letters, and postcards to his family and friends. Today, these items are housed in three places: the Ethnology Museum, the Austrian National Library and the District Museum of Hietzing in Vienna, Austria. They can help deepen our understanding of Kafa, both historically and in its current state, and of Ethiopia as a whole, providing insights that would be impossible to uncover by present-day fieldwork. However, we can gain significant knowledge from these items only if we construct a proper basis for the use of these valuable collections.

Key words: Friedrich Julius Bieber, Kafa, Austria, collection, archive

• Book Reviews

Reviewer, Nobuko Nishizaki
Maasai and “Coexistence” at Large: From the Field of Wildlife Conservation in Kenya (Samayoeru Kyouzon to Massai: Kenya no Yaseidoubutsuhozen no Genbakara). Toshio Meguro, Tokyo: Shinsensha, 2014, pp. 456 (in Japanese)

Reviewer, Kiyoshi Umeya
Improvised ‘Stage Performance’: Social Relationships among Young People in Contemporary Africa (Sho Pafomansu ga Tachiagaru: Gendai Afurika no Waluzmonotachi ga musubu Syaluzillankei). Midori Daimon, Yokohama: Shumpusha, 2015, pp.
380 + iv (in Japanese).

Reviewer, Hruka Arii
Analysis of the Relationships Between Local Development NGOs and the Communities in Ethiopia: The Case of the Basic Education Subsector. Yoshiko Tonegawa, Osaka: Union Press, 2014, pp. 174.

Reviewer, Soichiro Shiraishi
Embedded Mutualism for Co-Living in African Pastoralism: Ethnographic Studies of the Karimojong and Dodoth in Northeastern Uganda (Bokuchiku Sekai no Kyosei Riron: Karimojong to Dodoth no Minzokushi). ltsuhiro Hazama, Kyoto: Kyoto University Press, 2015, pp. 312 (in Japanese).

HARUKA ARII

• [News and Notes] The 19th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies